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Vol. 22 (2019 year), No. 1, DOI: 10.21443/1560-9278-2019-22-1

Bazarsky O. V., Kochetova Zh. Yu.
Model of evaporation of kerosene droplets in the atmosphere and pollution of soil around the airfield

Pollution of soils near airport territories is caused by formation and dispersion of kerosene droplets during its incomplete combustion in afterburner operation of the aircraft engine. With constant impact on the environment even small amounts of unburned fuel over decades of operation of airfields (primarily military), the contribution of this component to soil contamination becomes no less significant than with emergency discharges. The description of kerosene dropping is based on the fact that the exhaust gases of aircraft engines and drainage systems cannot condense, as they are at temperatures above the critical temperature for kerosene. To condense, they are to become vaporized. Cooling of exhaust gases and condensation of kerosene vapors occurs with a high level of air flow turbulence. As a result, gas-dynamic formations with different mass are formed reaching condensation temperatures, turning into drops of liquid kerosene. Taking into account the set of random processes occurring during turbulent cooling of kerosene, droplet size distribution is Gaussian. The constructed mathematical model of kerosene soil pollution near the airfield shows that environmentally hazardous pollution is observed at a distance of up to 100 m from the edge of the runway. During the study of the soils of the near-aerodrome territory of the Baltimor airfield (Voronezh), it has been determined that the nearest residential area is located 1.8 km from the runway, where the level of soil contamination with kerosene is determined below the MPC. In the southern direction from the airport at the distance of 300–1500 m there is a village with a predominant soil type – Chernozem; here kerosene accumulates, the MCL excess is exceeded by 4–12 times. A fairly complete agreement has been obtained between the calculated and experimental data (R = 0.81), despite the fact that the theoretical calculations did not take into account changes in the altitude of the aircraft flights

(in Russian, стр.8, fig. 3, tables. 1, ref 12, Adobe PDF, Adobe PDF 0 Kb)

Vol. 27 (2024 year), No. 1, DOI: 10.21443/1560-9278-2024-27-1

Kochetova Zh. Yu., Lazarev I. S., Zibrova N. V., Bazarsky O. V.
Detailed chemical analysis of soils and identification of priority pollutants on the territory of the state aviation airfield (Krymsk)

In connection with the intensification of military activities, environmental problems have worsened in large-scale territories. The primary task is to create lists of priority pollutants of environmental objects that are mandatory for control at landfills for various purposes, military bases, airfields. The paper presents the data of a detailed geochemical analysis of the soils of the state aviation airfield territory, on the basis of which priority contaminants were identified taking into account their gross content, hazard classes and the frequency of exceeding dangerous concentrations relative to the background. In the Krasnodar Territory (Krymsk), 32 samples from the territory of the state aviation airfield were analyzed over 4 years of research, and background concentrations of 22 metals, petroleum products, formaldehyde and nitrate nitrogen were also established. To determine the hazard classes of metals with unspecified maximum permissible concentrations, a correlation analysis was carried out comparing the hazard classes of substances and their clarks. Based on the results of the study, a list of pollutants recommended for control has been compiled including cesium, arsenic, scandium, niobium, lead (hazard class I); antimony, formaldehyde, nitrate nitrogen (II); petroleum products (III). The variability of the distribution of concentrations of pollutants on the airfield territory depends on the specifics of the operation of aircraft and special equipment for flight support. But at all sampling points (beginning – end, runway perimeter; taxiways; under the glide path), the main soil pollutant is arsenic, which concentrations exceed background concentrations by 16–36 times. The dangerously high content of petroleum products, formaldehyde, nitrate nitrogen, and scandium and caesium in some points in the airfield soils has been also found.

(in Russian, стр.7, fig. 0, tables. 2, ref 24, AdobePDF, AdobePDF 0 Kb)

Vol. 28 (2025 year), No. 1, DOI: 10.21443/1560-9278-2025-28-1

Kochetova Zh. Yu., Shishkin A. V., Velikanov A. V.
Methodology for assessing the stability and evaporation of volatile substances from the soil

When determining the maximum permissible concentrations of volatile substances in the soil, data on their background concentrations, physico-chemical properties, and resistance/toxicity parameters are used. The permissible concentration of volatile matter is experimentally established, at which its entry into the air does not exceed the permissible standards for atmospheric air. This process is associated with certain difficulties caused, first of all, by the complexity of modeling the emission of toxicants from soils in laboratory conditions, and the duration of the process. In this regard, standards for the content of volatile substances in soils have now been established, taking into account their emissions, mainly for pesticides and toxic substances. To eliminate this gap, an economical and simple technique has been developed that allows high accuracy in field and laboratory conditions to study the stability and evaporation rate of volatile substances from soils. To implement the technique, a gas analyzer based on piezosensors of the "electronic nose" type is used. Using the example of dimethylamine the weekly dynamics of changes in concentrations of its vapors above soils, different for typical chernozem and gray forest soil, is shown; the content of the pollutant on geochemical barriers of soils up to 20 cm deep is estimated. Dimethylamine is a relatively stable chemically hazardous substance, whose transformation in the surface layer of soils occurs by a maximum of 52 % in 7 days, and at depth by 21 % during the same time. With significant spills of dimethylamine (0.25 dm3/dm2), the concentration of its vapors decreases in 7 days to 6–8 maximum permissible concentrations set for the air of the working area. It is recommended to examine soils at a depth of 20 cm or more to assess the toxicity of substances, since secondary emission of pollutants is possible.

(in Russian, стр.9, fig. 5, tables. 1, ref 18, AdobePDF, AdobePDF 0 Kb)